The Peter Attia Drive

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) episode, Peter dives deep into one of the most frequently discussed and often misunderstood topics: nutrition. From weight loss and maintenance to the intricate relationship between nutrition and exercise and body composition, Peter addresses the complexities of nutrition research and explores the perennial question of whether there is a "best diet." He provides practical insights on how to choose the right diet for your unique needs, discusses the role of protein and processed foods, and outlines the key questions to help you optimize your approach to eating. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #66 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: The key nutrition-related topics to be discussed [1:30]; Why Peter is not fond of discussing nutrition: limitations of nutrition research, the pitfalls of extreme certainty in dietary discussions, and the body's adaptability to varied diets [3:30]; Key health metrics to monitor to evaluate the effects of nutrition [9:30]; The relationship between nutrition and exercise as they relate to weight loss, maintenance, and gain [12:30]; How increased muscle mass from resistance training impacts calorie burn, body composition, glucose metabolism, and overall health benefits [19:45]; Comparing the impact of fitness and nutrition on lifespan and healthspan: data showing fitness to be a more significant predictor of mortality than nutrition [23:30]; The myth of a “best diet,” factors that determine the effectiveness of a diet, and data suggesting benefits of the Mediterranean diet [39:00]; How long to trial a new diet, the importance of measurable goals, and the appropriate timescales for observing meaningful changes [48:30]; The inherent challenges in nutrition research: variability in dietary exposures, limitations in study design, the body’s adaptive nature which dampen the effects, and more [51:15]; Nutritional approaches for chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [58:45]; Emerging studies on dietary interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) [1:02:45]; Practical considerations for individuals to identify the best diet for them: protein intake, energy balance, macronutrient adjustments, and micronutrient levels [1:06:00]; Understanding processed vs. ultra-processed foods [1:09:15]; The effects of ultra-processed foods on health [1:12:30]; Questions that someone should ask themselves if they’re looking to fine-tune their diet [1:18:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Dr. Saum Sutaria is the Chairman and CEO of Tenet Healthcare and a former leader in McKinsey & Company’s Healthcare and Private Equity Practices, where he spent almost two decades shaping the field. In this episode, Saum unpacks the complexities of the U.S. healthcare system, providing a detailed overview of its structure, financial flows, and historical evolution. They delve into topics such as private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, employer-sponsored coverage, drug pricing, PBMs and the administrative burdens impacting the system. Saum’s insights help connect healthcare spending to broader economic issues while exploring potential reforms and the role of technology in improving efficiency. Saum highlights how choice and innovation distinguish the U.S. healthcare system, explores the reasons behind exorbitant drug prices, and examines the potential solutions, challenges, and trade-offs involved in lowering costs while striving to improve access, quality, and affordability. The opinions expressed by Saum in this episode are his own and do not represent the views of his employer. We discuss: The US healthcare system: financial scale, integration with economy, and unique challenges [5:00]; Overview of how the US healthcare system currently works and how we got here [9:45]; The huge growth and price impact due to the transition from out-of-pocket payments in the 1950s to the modern, third-party payer model [18:30]; The unique structure and challenges of the US healthcare system compared to other developed nations [22:00]; Overview of Medicare and Medicaid: who they cover, purpose, and impact on healthcare spending [27:45]; Why the US kept a employer-sponsored insurance system rather than pursue universal healthcare [32:00]; The evolution of healthcare insurance: from catastrophic coverage to chronic disease management [36:00]; The challenge of managing healthcare costs while expanding access and meeting increased demand for chronic illness care [44:15]; Balancing cost, choice, and access: how the US healthcare system compares to Canada [48:45]; The role of the US in pharmaceutical innovation, it’s impact on drug pricing, and the potential effects of price controls on innovation and healthcare costs [56:15]; How misaligned incentives have driven up drug prices in the US [1:05:00]; The cost of innovation and choice, and the sustainability of the current healthcare cost expenditures in the US in the face of a shrinking workforce and aging population [1:11:30]; Health outcomes: why life expectancy is lower in the US despite excelling at extending lifespan beyond 70 [1:18:45]; Potential solutions and challenges to controlling drugs costs in the US while balancing choice and access and preserving innovation [1:26:15]; Balancing GLP-1 drug innovation with affordability and healthcare spending sustainability [1:40:00]; Reducing healthcare spending: complexities, trade offs, and implications of making needed cuts to healthcare expenditures [1:46:45]; The role of government regulation, opportunities for cost savings, and more [1:56:15]; Hospital billing: costs, charges, complexities, and paths to simplification [2:01:15]; How prioritizing access and choice increased expenditures: reviewing the impact of healthcare exchanges and the Affordable Care Act [2:08:00]; Feasibility of a universal Medicare program, and what a real path to sustainable healthcare looks like [2:15:45]; The challenge of long-term care and the potential of innovation, like device-based therapies and AI, to improve health [2:23:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter Bill Perkins is one of the world’s most successful hedge fund managers and entrepreneurs, and the author of the bestseller, Die With Zero. In this episode, Bill unpacks the Die With Zero philosophy which challenges conventional thinking related to the balance between health, wealth, and time—the three variables important for fulfillment. Bill makes the case that we should strive for maximum net fulfillment rather than net worth (or even health). He argues that we need to optimize our life to have memorable experiences before it’s too late and that most people are over-saving and under-living. Bill also explains how one can apply the principles in Die With Zero to break out of “autopilot” and optimize their life to achieve maximum net fulfillment. We discuss: Bill’s upbringing, background, and first job on Wall Street [2:45]; A missed experience and feeling of regret that shaped Bill’s thinking [13:45]; Thinking in terms of time, and the relationship between money, time, and health [16:30]; Solving for net fulfillment and allocating your time based on the seasons of life [26:45]; How Bill thinks about risk, opportunity costs, and the difference between fear and risk tolerance [35:00]; Optimizing for fulfillment, finding purpose outside of work, and more [41:15]; Thinking about the order of experiences you want to have based on seasons of life [49:30]; Bill’s unique perspective on philanthropy and a more impactful way to give money away [54:15]; Applying the principles in ‘Die With Zero’ to maximize fulfillment [1:03:30]; How to break out of living life on autopilot [1:13:45]; When should your net worth peak? [1:17:30]; Taking calculated risks [1:21:00]; Bill shares a lesson from his incredible birthday [1:24:45]; How Bill’s philosophy has evolved since writing Die With Zero [1:33:30]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content Sign Up to Receive Peter’s Weekly Newsletter In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter dives into the world of red light therapy in response to frequent questions from listeners. Peter provides a comprehensive exploration, starting with the basics of red light therapy and why it’s getting so much attention. The conversation examines the latest data on various applications, including aging, skin health, acne, wound healing, hair loss, eye health, exercise performance, metabolic health, weight loss, inflammation, injury recovery, and menstrual cramps. Peter analyzes the scientific literature on each use case and concludes with a summary table that provides an easy-to-follow breakdown of the potential benefits of red light therapy across these areas. If you’re not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you’ll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you’re a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed or our website at the AMA #65 show notes page. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here. We discuss: Overview of topics and the motivation behind exploring red light therapy [1:45]; The basic science of red light therapy [3:15]; The unique penetration properties of red light [6:00]; What happens when tissue is exposed to red light [9:30]; Exploring red light therapy’s potential to combat aging [11:00]; Red light therapy for treating acne [13:00]; Red light therapy for aiding in wound healing [18:45]; Red light therapy for hair loss: promising benefits and practical advice [24:15]; Analyzing the evidence of a positive or negative effect of red light therapy on the eyes [28:00]; Red light therapy’s impact on performance and recovery [30:30]; Red light therapy’s impact on metabolic health: analyzing the limited evidence for improved glucose metabolism [32:45]; Red light therapy for weight loss and targeted fat reduction [36:45]; Red light therapy for inflammation, chronic pain, and injury rehabilitation [41:00]; Red light therapy as a treatment for menstrual cramps [43:45]; Summary: promising applications of red light therapy, unsupported claims, and costs to consider [46:45]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and YouTube