CrowdScience

Some fish can deliver electric shocks that are four times more powerful than the electricity in your plug sockets at home. Crowdscience listener Mouhammed in Cameroon was stunned by this, so he charged us with finding out how they do it.
Presenter Caroline Steel heads to Bayreuth in Germany to meet some eels who have this amazing ability. Dr Stefan Schuster and Susanne Proschke introduce us to their collection of electric fish, and help us conduct some experiments to work out how the fish are wired. We’ll be diving into electric fishes' anatomy, learning how a specialised organ allows them to generate massive voltages of electricity.
Harold Zakon from the University of Texas will help us understand their evolutionary history, while Brazilian ecologist Nonato Junior takes us on a journey into the currents of the Amazon River where electric eels live.
And we’ll answer a question that has boggled philosophers, thinkers, and scientists for over 2000 years. If these fish can stun a human, a crocodile or even a horse, how do they survive the electric shocks themselves?
Presenter: Caroline Steel
Producer: Robbie Wojciechowski
Editor: Ben Motley
Photo: Blue lightning bolt streaks. Credit: Ludmila Snimshikova via Getty Images
Photo: Electric Eel, Venezuela. Credit: Reinhard Dirscherl via Getty Images

CrowdScience listener Matt wants to know why he's warm blooded. He started thinking about this when he was watching some ants during the recent heatwave in Europe and wondered why their blood didn't boil. What are the pros and cons of being warm-blooded like us or cold-blooded reptiles like lizards?
Caroline Steel meets evolutionary biologist Dr Manuel Leal from the University of Missouri in the US, who explains the differences between ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) and endotherms (warm-blooded animals). She discovers that the terms cold blooded and warm blooded are actually misleading, because reptiles can reach a high body temperature and some might even become warmer than us.
She talks to Simon Hodder, Professor of Environmental Ergonomics at Loughborough University in the UK, who describes how our bodies regulate heat, how we cool down when we get too warm and how that's all controlled by our brains.
Caroline also gets to meet some hedgehogs in the wild with Julia Nowack, an ecophysiologist from Liverpool John Moores University, who researches thermoregulation and is monitoring hedgehogs when they hibernate. Changing body temperature is one of the ways that some endotherms survive the winter when it's colder and there's less food around.
So who has the advantage? The warm-blooded endotherms who can heat their own bodies or the cold-blooded ectotherms who rely on the sun? Reptiles can get away with eating very occasionally while mammals and birds have to keep fuelling their energy with food to keep the heat going. That means we can live in most climates and have a better chance of escaping predators, but is it really best?
Presenter: Caroline Steel
Producer: Jo Glanville
Editor: Ben Motley
(Photo: European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) adult animal in a snow covered garden in winter, England, United Kingdom - stock photo Credit: imageBROKER/Kevin Sawford via Getty Images)

Why is it hard to concentrate, and why does it feel like such hard work? The CrowdScience inbox is full of questions like that, so for this show we’re concentrating on concentration and focusing on how we focus.
We’ll be answering questions about the extra energy the brain uses when we’re concentrating, whether mental effort can tire you out more than physical effort, why we zone out when faced with a difficult task and how the ability to multitask is governed by our overall cognitive load.
To find the answers, presenter Alex Lathbridge is paying attention to a team of experts. Psychology professor Sophie Leroy from the University of Washington in the USA studies the impact of being interrupted on our ability to perform, cognitive neuroscientist Professor Salvador Soto-Faraco from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, Spain researches how sight, sound and touch are blended together by the brain, and psychology professor Polly Dalton runs the Attention Lab at Royal Holloway University in London, UK.
We’ll be trying to distract them with gossip about what we had for lunch, finding out why the brain is like a bike and, most importantly, discovering how you can concentrate better on shows exactly like this one.
Presenter: Alex Lathbridge
Producer: Tom Bonnett
Editor: Ben Motley
(Photo: Woman with glasses thinking and pointing upward- stock photo - Credit: ismagilov via Getty Images)

Tuberculosis kills more than a million people every year. It’s the world’s leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. This is despite the fact that we've had a cure for TB since the 1940s and a vaccine that’s over 100 years old. So why is TB still causing so many people to die?
That’s what CrowdScience listener John in Tanzania wants to know, and presenter Marnie Chesterton is on the case. Over in Paris, she’s joined by Dr Claas Kirchhelle, historian of science, medicine and technology at French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) to look into the history and efficacy of the vaccine, known as BCG.
As Dr Maximiliano Gutierrez, Associate Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute adds, the BCG is both effective and ineffective, protecting children well against severe TB, but offering inconsistent and often poor protection in adults. He also explains that antibiotics are a trickier treatment than we might expect. Over in Kenya’s Kibera slums, Janet tells us her about her experience of the drugs first hand.
Dr Dany Beste, Senior Lecturer In Microbial Metabolism, University of Surrey, has been described as a dietician of mycobacterium tuberculosis. She explains the limitations of our knowledge of this bacterium, and why it is proving such a tricky customer.
And since a better vaccine is the main hope for reducing the TB burden, Professor Angelique Luabeya Kany Kany, Chief Research Officer at University of Cape Town, shares her hopes for the first new alternative vaccine in 100 years: m72. Large phase 3 clinical trials are currently underway, and, if successful, could prevent millions of cases, and deaths a year.
Presenter: Marnie Chesterton
Producer: Marnie Chesterton
Editor: Ben Motley
(Photo: Doctor with vial of the doses vaccine for BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin against tuberculosis disease. Medicine and health care concept - stock photo - Credit: angelp via Getty Images)

Stare up at the night sky, and if you’re lucky, you might see a shooting star. Some people might make a wish, but CrowdScience listener Scott in California in the USA, thinks differently. He’s wondering how dangerous they might be.

Shooting stars are actually meteors, ending their incredible journey whizzing through the depths of space by burning through our atmosphere, and crashing down to earth. And Scott’s not wrong to worry about them! In May 2026, an enormous meteor exploded off the coast of Massachusetts, causing a loud sonic boom before crashing into the ocean, releasing the equivalent energy of 300 tons of TNT!

So, should we be worried? Marnie Chesterton is on the case.

In Australia, Hadrien Devillepoix is the chief scientist for the Desert Fireball Network, which tracks meteors through the sky, and tries to recover any meteorites which make it to earth. He explains just how many of these smaller space rocks arrive on our planet every day, how many of them survive long enough to make it to the surface, and tries to figure out how much should we be worried about it happening to us.

Over in the USA, NASA are less worried about the meteors, and more concerned about their big brothers – asteroids. These are the ones which could take out your whole neighbourhood. Or your whole city. Or even the whole planet. Kelly Fast, with NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office explains what the chances are one might be headed our way, and what we could do about it if they are. Push them away, pull them off course, or blow them up, are the options on the table.

But space rocks, small OR large, aren’t the only things which could be tumbling down on our heads from outside our atmosphere. In fact, you might be more likely to be hit but something of our own – a man-made piece of space junk, falling out of orbit and whizzing towards the surface. Stephen Wokes, chief engineer at Astroscale, explains their mission: to use their innovative satellite to clean up Low Earth Orbit, and reduce the risk to us here on the ground.

PRESENTER: Marnie Chesterton
PRODUCER: Emily Knight
PRODUCTION COORDINATOR: Stuart Laws
EDITOR: Ben Motley
(photo: Meteor Impact On Earth - Fired Asteroid In Collision With Planet - Contain 3d Rendering - elements of this image furnished by NASA - stock photo- Credit: RomoloTavani via Getty Images)