The History Network

In the Second World War, the Rock of Gibraltar stood like a sentinel at the gateway to the Mediterranean. Whoever held it could open or close the sea lanes to North Africa and beyond. To Britain it was a vital stronghold, but by 1940 it looked vulnerable. Spain was under Franco's rule, sympathetic to Berlin, and German planners drew up schemes to seize the fortress in one swift move. It was in this climate that a plan was conceived that bordered on the unimaginable. A small group of men would vanish from the surface of the Rock and take up residence in a chamber hollowed out within its limestone core. They would not leave again until the war ended. Dur: 29mins File: .mp3

The Peloponnesian War pitted the two most powerful Ancient Greek states, Athens and Sparta and their respective allies, against each other in an epic struggle for the control of all of Greece. Dur: 22mins File: .mp3

The (second) battle of Mantinea, July 4, 362 BC: the final nail in the coffin of Spartan dominance. At the battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, a resurgent Thebes led by its great statesmen and tactician reformers Epaminondas and Pelopidas defeated the army of Sparta. The defeat was one of the greatest shocks Greece had witnessed - not only did the Thebans defeat the Spartans but the Spartans turned and fled from the battlefields - something they had not done before even in the face of defeat. Dur: 20mins File: .mp3

At the battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, a resurgent Thebes led by its great statesmen and tactician reformers Epaminondas and Pelopidas defeated the army of Sparta. The defeat was one of the greatest shocks Greece had witnessed - not only did the Thebans defeat the Spartans but the Spartans turned and fled from the battlefields - something they had not done before even in the face of defeat. Dur: 16mins File: .mp3

The Final showdown at Hexham, May 15th, 1464 John Neville probably marched along the north bank of the River Tyne along Carrel Gate. This route put Bywell castle under threat, but we do not hear of Henry leaving (although he must have if this was the line of march – and other alternatives still put Bywell under threat). In his march west, Neville probably crossed the Tyne at Corbridge (or perhaps Bywell – both had extant Roman bridges) and so came upon the Lancastrian camp from the east or northeast. Dur: 18mins File: .mp3